Removal of organics and nutrients from food wastewater using combined thermophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion and shortcut biological nitrogen removal

A process combining pilot-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion and shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR) was developed to treat organics and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from food wastewater. The thermophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion process was investigated without adjusting the pH of the wastewater for the pre-acidification process. The digested food wastewater was treated using the SBNR process without supplemental carbon sources or alkalinity. Under these circumstances, the combined system was able to remove about 99% of COD, 88% of TN, and 97% of TP. However, considerable amounts of nutrients were removed due to chemical precipitation processes between the anaerobic digestion and SBNR. The average TN removal efficiency of the SBNR process was about 74% at very low C/N (TCOD/TN) ratio of 2. The SBNR process removed about 39% of TP from the digested food wastewater. Conclusively, application of the combined system improved organic removal efficiency while producing valuable energy (biogas), removed nitrogen at a low C/N ratio, and conserved additional resources (carbon and alkalinity).     

Methanogenic digestion using mixed substrate of acetic, propionic and butyric acids

Experiments on methanogenic digestion using high concentrations of mixed substrate were conducted. The major intermediate products of anaerobic digestion such as acetic, propionic and butyric acids were mixed in a ratio of 2:1:1 (COD basis), respectively, and used as a substrate for feeding into continuous-flow chemostat reactors maintained at 35°C. These reactors were operated stably at higher feed substrate concentrations and shorter hydraulic retention times (HRT) than those of using a single component of volatile fatty acids as a substrate. At an HRT of 4.43 days, the methanogenesis occurred normally up to a feed substrate concentration of 70,000 mg COD I⁻¹. At a feed substrate concentration of 20,000 mg COD I⁻¹, the methanogenesis occurred normally up to an HRT of 2.91 days and the minimum SRT for microbial populations was calculated to be 2.42 days. An increase in feed substrate concentration adversely affected the propionate degradation strikingly, while a decrease in HRT significantly adversely affected the acetate and propionate degradation. The methane production was 0.301 g⁻¹ COD utilized, and it was independent of the feed substrate concentration and HRT. Bacilli were predominant in all reactors, but sarcinae appeared in the reactors with high feed substrate concentrations and short HRTs. Phenomena in digester failure due to methanogen washout were also observed.     

生态服务功能视角下的城市用地分类初探

当前,城市用地的分类与使用关注于人类的利用方式,忽视了土地的生态服务价值。在生态服务功能的视角下,将城市用地分为生态用地、潜在生态用地与非生态用地。其中,潜在生态用地即满足了人们的使用需求又具备一定的生态服务功能,应充分重视。生态服务功能视角下的城市用地分类与现行用地分类国标之间存在不完全对应关系,潜在生态用地对应的部分城市建设用地需辅以一系列控制指标加以明确。     

K+对拜耳法溶出过程中含钾铝土矿反应行为的影响

用不同K~+浓度的铝酸钠溶液进行了含钾铝土矿的拜耳法溶出试验和溶液脱硅试验。结果表明,在30.19～301.94g/L内,溶液中K~+浓度的变化对氧化铝溶出率和溶出赤泥N/S的影响较小;随着溶液中K~+浓度的升高,铝土矿中K_2O的表观溶出率显著降低,但无法完全阻止K元素在溶出过程中进入溶液。在溶液中K~+浓度≤155.28g/L条件下,K~+取代Na~+进入钠硅渣晶格的难度大,工厂溶液中K~+的平衡浓度预计会远高于当前的水平。应用含钾铝土矿生产的企业必须采取除钾工艺措施才能有效控制生产系统中钾含量的升高。     

微波消解-丁二酮肟沉淀分离-EDTA返滴定法测定含镍生铁中镍

含镍生铁是不锈钢冶炼重要原材料,准确快速检测含镍生铁中镍含量对不锈钢冶炼质量控制及成本控制至关重要,而使用丁二酮肟重量法测定含镍生铁中镍需使用大量酸溶解样品,有时还需要对不溶性残渣进行熔融处理,过程繁琐。实验利用微波消解法处理含镍生铁样品,并通过丁二酮肟沉淀分离法使含镍生铁中镍与钴、铜有效分离,再使用EDTA返滴定法测定镍,最终建立了含镍生铁中镍含量的测定方法。使用5个含镍生铁标准样品进行验证,当镍质量分数为5%～20% 时,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.14%～0.33%;通过t检验法进行显著性检验,测定结果与标准值之间无显著性差异。分别按照实验方法和国标方法GB/T 31924—2015《含镍生铁 镍含量的测定 丁二酮肟重量法》对同一个含镍生铁样品进行检验,使用t检验对两种方法得到的结果进行统计分析,结果表明两种方法检验结果无显著性差异。     

Drivers of microbial community composition in mesophilic and thermophilic temperature-phased anaerobic digestion pre-treatment reactors

Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) is an emerging technology that facilitates improved performance and pathogen destruction in anaerobic sewage sludge digestion by optimising conditions for 1) hydrolytic and acidogenic organisms in a first-stage/pre-treatment reactor and then 2) methogenic populations in a second stage reactor. Pre-treatment reactors are typically operated at 55–65 °C and as such select for thermophilic bacterial communities. However, details of key microbial populations in hydrolytic communities and links to functionality are very limited. In this study, experimental thermophilic pre-treatment (TP) and control mesophilic pre-treatment (MP) reactors were operated as first-stages of TPAD systems treating activated sludge for 340 days. The TP system was operated sequentially at 50, 60 and 65 °C, while the MP rector was held at 35 °C for the entire period. The composition of microbial communities associated with the MP and TP pre-treatment reactors was characterised weekly using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) supported by clone library sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The outcomes of this approach were confirmed using 454 pyrosequencing of gene amplicons and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH). TP associated bacterial communities were dominated by populations affiliated to the Firmicutes, Thermotogae, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi. In particular there was a progression from Thermotogae to Lutispora and Coprothermobacter and diversity decreased as temperature and hydrolysis performance increased. While change in the composition of TP associated bacterial communities was attributable to temperature, that of MP associated bacterial communities was related to the composition of the incoming feed. This study determined processes driving the dynamics of key microbial populations that are correlated with an enhanced hydrolytic functionality of the TPAD system.     

污泥减量化处理新工艺ExelysTM技术及其应用

介绍了连续式污泥热水解工艺——ExelysTM工艺的系统构成和工艺原理,并结合实际工程说明其工艺优越性。工程实践表明,污泥热水解技术是一种污泥减量化程度高、能源回收率大、安全可靠、清洁和环保的污泥处理工艺。     

合同签约与履约两阶段中的风险分担框架构建分析

与合同签约与履约两阶段相对应,以风险初次分担和风险再分担作为风险分担框架构建的主干,借鉴不完全合同理论,分析风险初次分担和风险再分担的主要功能,以合同再谈判为纽带,实现两阶段的风险分担转承。风险初次分担和风险再分担相互联动,在合同层面上实现风险分担,可以弥补合同的不完全性。     

新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器研究

为实现污泥浓缩消化一体化,开发了新型内循环污泥浓缩消化(ICSTD)反应器,并进行了城市污水厂污泥处理试验。结果表明,在有机负荷为9. 68kgVS/(m3·d)、平均水力停留时间为3. 1d、污泥固体停留时间为54. 8d的条件下,污泥有机物分解率可达到79. 1%,排泥含水率达到90%,且上清液清澈,污泥消化与浓缩过程起到了相互促进的作用。     

Comparison of a static and a dynamic in vitro model to estimate the bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Pb and Hg from food reference materials Fucus sp. (IAEA-140/TM) and Lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2)

Bioaccessibility, the fraction of an element solubilized during gastrointestinal digestion and available for absorption, is a factor that should be considered when evaluating the health risk of contaminants from food. Static and dynamic models that mimic human physiological conditions have been used to evaluate bioaccessibility. This preliminary study compares the bioaccessibility of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in two food certified reference materials (CRMs) (seaweed: Fucus sp., IAEA-140/TM; Lobster hepatopancreas: TORT-2), using two in vitro gastrointestinal digestion methods: a static method (SM) and a dynamic multicompartment method (TIM-1). There are significant differences (p < 0.05) between the bioaccessible values of As, Cd, Pb and Hg obtained by SM and TIM-1 in the two CRMs. The specific form in which the elements studied are present in the CRM may help to explain the bioaccessibility values obtained.